This is worth about 4% on
github.com/julienschmidt/go-http-routing-benchmark's
BenchmarkGoji_GithubAll.

This is worth about 3% in
github.com/julienschmidt/go-http-routing-benchmark's
BenchmarkGoji_GithubAll. Not a huge win, but definitely still worth it.

For whatever reason, Go insisted on loading rm.sm[i] in several chunks,
even though it could be loaded in a single 64-bit block. Instead, let's
reorder our loads to minimize the amount of memory we're uselessly
moving around.

This gives us about a 15% perf boost in
github.com/julienschmidt/go-http-routing-benchmark's
BenchmarkGoji_StaticAll, and questionable benefits (i.e., not
distinguishable from noise but certainly no worse) on Goji's own
benchmarks.

On my machine, this is worth about 10ns at 5 routes, 20ns at 50 routes,
70ns at 500 routes (a ~5% win), and 40ns at 5000.

Fixing typos and checks

Typo in examples

Change the per-process nonce part of the request ID from 8 characters to
10, and wrap the entire thing in a retry loop so you can never get an
"unlucky" panic. I know this will "never" happen in practice, but it
doesn't hurt to make sure we never, ever have any collisions, and never,
ever have any runtime panics.

It's also worth documenting the math ("math") I used to calculate the
numbers here.

Previously, we would keep the URLParams / Env associated with a cStack
around until the next request flushed them. However, this might cause
either of these maps to stick around for much longer than they ought to,
potentially keeping references to many, many objects.

Instead, clear out the saved context on every release.

The "dryrun" parameter on Pattern.Match was kind of ugly and made for an
exceedingly mediocre public interface. Instead, split its functionality
in two: the previous "dryrun" behavior now lives in the Match method,
and Patterns now actually mutate state when Run is called.

The code on the backend is of course still the same (for now), but at
least the interface is a little nicer.

Previously, the middleware stack passed the router a C, but this was
both odd semantically (a pattern which mutated the environment might see
a *different* environment) and bad for perf: it cost us an allocation.

Now we only pass around *C's internally.

Importantly ("importantly"), this gets us down to 0 allocations for the
static routing case, and one allocation (the URLParams map) for the
normal routing case.

It doesn't *actually* matter, and getting rid of the defer is worth
~80ns of perf.

Let's just hope the GC does its job correctly and don't try to help it
out. This case is probably triggered very infrequently since most people
set up their middleware before they accept a single request, and it's
worth about 100ns of perf on the common case for us if we get rid of the
defer.

The fast routing diff introduced a regression with how method sets were
calculated for routes that did not match. This fixes that behavior, as
well as making routing considerably more memory-efficient (and therefore
CPU-efficient too) for the case in which many routes share a prefix.

These are based on https://github.com/cypriss/golang-mux-benchmark

Swap out the naive "try all the routes in order" router with a "compile
a trie down to bytecode" router. It's a ton faster, while providing all
the same semantics.

See the documentation at the top of web/fast_router.go for more.

Partially sort the routes on insertion. We're doing this so we can do
more efficient things to routes later.

The sorting rules are a bit subtle since we aren't allowed to rearrange
routes in a way that would cause the semantics to differ from the dumb
linear scan.

I'm about to make changes to the way routes are selected, so we may as
well get good test coverage of that.

This middleware allows you to override a http.Request's RemoteAddr with
a value derived from either the X-Forwarded-For or X-Real-IP headers.

Fixes #12.

Provide a standard middleware to set c.Env. Don't include it in the
default stack, however, since the RequestID middleware will end up
allocating Env anyways.

Fixes #11

They're really verbose. I should probably DRY them up later.

httptest was adding an extra flag, which was sort of ugly. Instead,
reimplement the parts of its functionality we were using. Bonus: due to
specialization, it's now a bit more efficient as well!

This bugfix brought to you by `go vet`

The "name" parameter was originally a workaround for the fact that function
pointers in Go never compare equal to each other (unless they are both nil).
Unfortunately, this presents a pretty terrible interface to the end programmer,
since they'll probably end up stuttering something like:

    mux.Use("MyMiddleware", MyMiddleware)

Luckily, I found a workaround for doing function pointer equality (it doesn't
even require "unsafe"!), so we can get rid of the name parameter for good.

This change replaces a bit of API surface area (the Sub() method on Muxes) with
a slightly more expressive pattern syntax. I'm mostly doing this because it
seems cleaner: the "*" gets to take on a meaning very similar to what it means
in Sinatra (without growing regexp-like middle-of-a-path globbing, which sounds
terrifying and not particularly useful), and we get to nuke a useless function
from the API.

These were introduced by breaking changes in the following commits:
- aca58b22cf (ValidMethodsKey)
- 386323a6ed (HTTP methods are case sensitive)

Who knew! (RFC 2616, 5.1.1)

For sendfile(2) support. I should really DRY up the implementations here...